Techniques used to show this agreement include:
• Marine Archaeology of underwater sites (such as Dvaraka)
• Satellite imagery of the Indus-Sarasvata River system,
• Carbon and Thermoluminiscence Dating of archaeological artifacts
• Scientific Verification of Scriptural statements
• Linguistic analysis of scripts found on archaeological artifacts
• A Study of cultural continuity in all these categories.
Introduction
Early
indologists wished to control & convert the followers of Vedic
Culture, therefore they widely propagated that the Vedas were simply
mythology.
Max Muller, perhaps the most well known early
sanskritist and indologist, although later in life he glorified the
Vedas, initially wrote that the "Vedas were worse than savage" and "India must be conquered again by education... it's religion is doomed"
Thomas Macaulay, who introduced English education into India wanted to make the residents into a race that was: "Indian in blood and color, but English in taste, in opinion, in morals, and in intellect."
However, the German Philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer stated that the Sanskrit understanding of these Indologists was like that of young schoolboys.
These early Indologists:
• Devised the Aryan Invasion theory, denying India's Vedic past
• They taught that the English educational system is superior
• They intentionally misinterpreted sanskrit texts to make the Vedas look primitive.
• And they systematically tried to make Indians ashamed of their own culture
• Thus the actions of these indologists seems to indicate that they were motivated by a racial bias.
Innumerable archaeological findings and their
analysis have recently brought the Aryan Invasion Theory into serious
question. This theory is still taught as fact in many educational
systems despite much contrary evidence.
• Vedic Aryans entered India between 1,500 and 1,200 B.C.
• They conquered the native Dravidian culture by virtue of their superiority due to their horses & iron weapons
• They Imported the Vedic culture and it's literatures.
• This Aryan Invasion Theory, however,
deprives the inhabitants of India of their Vedic heritage. The wealth of
their culture came from foreign soil.
The Aryan Invasion Theory raises an interesting dilemna called Frawleys Paradox:
On the one hand we have the vast Vedic Literature without any
archaeological finds associated with them and on the other hand, we have
2,500 archaeological sites from the Indus-Sarasvata civilization
without any literature associated with them.
A preponderance of contemporary evidence now
seems to indicate that these are one and the same cultures. This
certainly eliminates this paradox and makes perfect sense, to an
unbiased researcher.
Facts which cast serious doubt on the Aryan Invasion Theory
The archaeological sites along the dried up Sarasvati River basin are represented by black dots.
•
The late dating of the Vedic literatures by indologists is based on
speculated dates of 1,500 B.C.E. for the Aryan Invasion and 1,200 B.C.E.
for the Rig Veda, both now disproved by scientific evidence.
Max
Muller, the principal architect of the Aryan Invasion theory, admitted
the purely speculative nature of his Vedic chronology, and in his last
work published shortly before his death, The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy,
he wrote: "Whatever may be the date of the Vedic hymns, whether 15
hundred or 15,000 B.C.E., they have their own unique place and stand by
themselves in the literature of the world."
The Vedic Culture is indigenous to India
The Holy Asvatta tree is mentioned in the Aitareya and SatapataBrahmanas
as well as the Taittiriya
Samhita and KatyayanaSmrti.
This piece of pottery from the lowest level of Harappan excavations with pre-harappan writing is deciphered as ila vartate vara, referring to the sacred land bounded by the Sarasvati River, described in the Rig Veda.
Satellite imagery of the Dried Up Sarasvati River Basin
• There is no evidence of an Aryan homeland
outside of India mentioned anywhere in the Vedas. On the contrary, the
Vedas speak of the mighty Sarasvati River and other places indigenous to
India. To date, no evidence for a foreign intrusion has been found,
neither archaeological, linguistic, cultural nor genetic.
• There are more than 2,500 Archaeological
sites, two-thirds of which are along the recently discovered dried up
Sarasvati River bed. These sites show a cultural continuity with the
Vedic literature from the early Harrapan civilization up to the present
day India.
The archaeological sites along the dried up Sarasvati River basin are represented by black dots.
• Several independent studies of the drying up of the Sarasvati River bed, all indicate the same time period of 1,900 B.C.E.
• The significance of establishing this date
for the drying up of the Sarasvati River is, that it pushes the date for
the composition of the Rig Veda back to approximately 3,000 B.C.E., as enunciated by the Vedic tradition itself.
•
The late dating of the Vedic literatures by indologists is based on
speculated dates of 1,500 B.C.E. for the Aryan Invasion and 1,200 B.C.E.
for the Rig Veda, both now disproved by scientific evidence.
Max
Muller, the principal architect of the Aryan Invasion theory, admitted
the purely speculative nature of his Vedic chronology, and in his last
work published shortly before his death, The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy,
he wrote: "Whatever may be the date of the Vedic hymns, whether 15
hundred or 15,000 B.C.E., they have their own unique place and stand by
themselves in the literature of the world."
It can be scientifically proven that the
Vedic Culture is indigenous, through archaeology, the study of cultural
continuity, by linguistic analysis, and genetic research.
For example, the language and symbolism found
on the Harappan seals are very Vedic. We find the Om symbol, the leaf
of the Asvatta or holy banyan tree, as well as the swastika, or sign of
auspiciousness, mentioned throughout the Vedas. Om is mentioned in the Mundaka and Katha Upanisads as well as the Bhagavad Gita.
The Holy Asvatta tree is mentioned in the Aitareya and SatapataBrahmanas
as well as the Taittiriya
Samhita and KatyayanaSmrti.
The pictoral script of these Harappan seals has
been deciphered as consistently Vedic and termed "Proto-brahmi," as a
pre-sanskrit script.
This piece of pottery from the lowest level of Harappan excavations with pre-harappan writing is deciphered as ila vartate vara, referring to the sacred land bounded by the Sarasvati River, described in the Rig Veda.
Additionally, other archaeological finds are
culturally consistent, such as the dancing girl, whose bracelets are
similar to those worn by women of Northwest India today as well as
the three stone Siva Lingas found in Harappa by M. S. Vats in 1940. The worship of the Siva Linga is mentioned in the Maha Narayana Upanisad of the Yajur Veda and is still ardently practiced today.
The Vedas were maligned by early indologists
because of their disagreement with their Eurocentric colonialists world
view, a view which produced and depended on the Aryan Invasion Theory.
The fact that the Aryan Invasion Theory has been seriously challenged
recently by scholars and indologists, adds credence to the Vedas as
viable, accurate and indigenous sources of information.
Using modern scientific methods, such as
satellite imagery and dating techniques, it can be shown that the
ancient statements of the Vedas are factual, not mythical as erroneously
propagated. High resolution satellite images have verified descriptions
in The Rig Veda of the descent of the ancient Sarasvati River from it's
source in the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea.
"Pure in her course from the mountains to the ocean, alone of streams Sarasvati hath listened."
The mighty Sarasvati River and it's
civilization are referred to in the Rig Veda more than fifty times,
proving that the drying up of the Sarasvati River was subsequent to the
origin of the Rig Veda, pushing this date of origin back into antiquity,
casting further doubt on the imaginary date for the so-called Aryan
Invasion.
The Satellite image (above) clearly shows the
Indus-Sarasvata river system extending from the Himalayas to the
Arabian Sea. Here the Indus River is on the left, outlined in blue,
while the Sarasvati River basin is outlined in green. The black dots are
the many archeological sites or previous settlements along the banks of
the now dry Sarasvati River.
The
drying up of the Sarasvati River around 1900 B.C.E. is confirmed
archaeologically. Following major tectonic movements or plate shifts in
the Earth's crust, the primary cause of this drying up was due to the
capture of the Sarasvati River's main tributaries, the Sutlej River and
the Drishadvati River by other rivers.
Although
early studies, based on limited archaeological evidence produced
contradictory conclusions, recent independent studies, such as that of
archaeologist James Shaffer in 1993, showed no evidence of a foreign
invasion in the Indus Sarasvata civilization and that a cultural
continuity could be traced back for millennia.
In other words, Archaeology does not support the Aryan Invasion Theory.
Evidence for the Ancient Port City of Dvaraka
Marine archaeology has also been utilized in
India off the coast of the ancient port city of Dvaraka in Gujarat,
uncovering further evidence in support of statements in the Vedic
scriptures. An entire submerged city at Dvaraka, the ancient port city
of Lord Krishna with its massive fort walls, piers, warfs and jetty has
been found in the ocean as described in the Mahabharata
and other Vedic literatures.
This sanskrit verse from the Mausala Parva of the Mahabharata, describes the disappearance of the city of Dvaraka into the sea.
"After all the people had set out, the ocean flooded Dvaraka, which still teemed with wealth of every kind. Whatever portion of land was passed over, the ocean immediately flooded over with its waters."
Dr.
S. R. Rao, formerly of the Archaeological Survey of India, has
pioneered marine archaeology in India. Marine archaeological findings
seem to corroborate descriptions in the Mahabharata of Dvaraka as
a large, well-fortified and prosperous port city, which was built on
land reclaimed from the sea, and later taken back by the sea. This
lowering and raising of the sea level during these same time periods of
the 15th and 16th centuries B.C.E. is also documented in historical records of the country of Bahrain.
Amongst the extensive underwater discoveries
were the massive Dvaraka city wall, a large door-socket and a bastion
from the fort wall.
Two rock-cut slipways of varying width,
extending from the beach to the intertidal zone, a natural harbor, as
well as a number of olden stone ship anchors were discovered, attesting
to Dvaraka being an ancient port city.
The three headed motif on this conch-shell
seal (above), found in the Dvaraka excavations, corroborates the
reference in the scripture Harivamsa that every citizen of Dvaraka should carry a mudra or seal of this type.
All these underwater excavations add further
credibility to the validity of the historical statements found in the
Vedic literatures.
Apart from Dvaraka, more than thirty-five
sites in North India have yielded archaeological evidence and have been
identified as ancient cities described in the Mahabharata. Copper
utensils, iron, seals, gold & silver ornaments, terracotta discs
and painted grey ware pottery have all been found in these sites.
Scientific dating of these artifacts corresponds to the
non-aryan-invasion model of Indian antiquity.
Furthermore, the Matsya and Vayu Puranas
describe great flooding which destroyed the capital city of Hastinapur,
forcing its inhabitants to relocate in Kausambi. The soil of Hastinapur
reveals proof of this flooding. Archaeological evidence of the new
capital of Kausambi has recently been found which has been dated to the
time period just after this flood.
Similarly, in Kurukshetra, the scene of the great Mahabharata
war, Iron arrows and spearheads (according to some sources) have been
excavated and dated by thermoluminence to 2,800 B.C.E., the approximate
date of the war given within the Mahabharata itself.
The Mahabharata also describes three cities given to the Pandavas, the heroes of the Mahabharata, after their exile:
Paniprastha, Sonaprastha & Indraprastha,
which is Delhi's Puranaqila. These sites have been identified and
yielded pottery & antiquities, which show a cultural consistency
& dating consistent for the Mahabharata period, again verifying statements recorded in the Vedic literatures.
Although early indologists, in their missionary zeal, widely vilified the Vedas as primitive mythology, many
of the worlds greatest thinkers admired the Vedas as great repositories of advanced knowledge and high thinking
Arthur Schopenhauer, the famed German philosopher and writer, wrote that: I "...encounter [in the Vedas] deep, original, lofty thoughts... suffused with a high and holy seriousness."
The well-known early American writer Ralph Waldo Emerson, read the Vedas daily. Emerson wrote:
"I owed a magnificent day to the Bhagavat-Gita"
Henry David Thoreau said: "In the morning I bathe my intellect in the stupendous philosophy of the Bhagavad Gita... in comparison with which... our modern world and its literature seems puny and trivial."
So great were Emerson and Thoreau's
appreciation of Vedantic literatures that they became known as the
American transcendentalists. Their writings contain many thoughts from
Vedic Philosophy.
Other
famous personalities who spoke of the greatness of the Vedas were:
Alfred North Whitehead (British mathematician, logician and
philosopher), who stated that: "Vedanta is the most impressive
metaphysics the human mind has conceived."
Julius
Robert Oppenheimer, the principle developer of the atomic bomb, stated
that "The Vedas are the greatest privilege of this century." During the
explosion of the first atomic bomb, Oppenheimer quoted several
Bhagavad-gita verses from the 11th chapter, such as:
"Death I am, cause of destruction of the worlds..."
When Oppenheimer was asked if this is the
first nuclear explosion, he significantly replied: "Yes, in modern
times," implying that ancient nuclear explosions may have previously
occurred.
Lin Yutang, Chinese scholar and author, wrote that: "India was China's teacher in trigonometry, quadratic equations, grammar, phonetics... " and so forth.
Francois Voltaire stated: "... everything has come down to us from the banks of the Ganges."
From these statements we see that many renowned intellectuals believed that the Vedas provided the origin of scientific thought.
The
Vedic literatures contain descriptions of advanced scientific
techniques, sometimes even more sophisticated than those used in our
modern technological world.
Modern metallurgists have not been able to produce iron of comparable quality to
the 22 foot high Iron Pillar of Delhi, which is the largest hand forged block of iron from antiquity.
This pillar stands at mute testimony to the highly advanced scientific knowledge of metallurgy that was known in ancient India.
Cast in approximately the 3rd century B.C.,
the six and a half ton pillar, over two millennia has resisted all rust
and even a direct hit by the artillary of the invading army of Nadir
Shah during his sacking of Delhi in 1737.
Vedic Cosmology is yet another ancient Vedic science which can be confirmed by modern scientific findings and this is acknowledged by well known scientists and authors, such as Carl Sagan and Count Maurice Maeterlinck, who recognized that the cosmology of the Vedas closely parallels modern scientific findings.
Carl Sagan stated,
"Vedic Cosmology is the only one in which the time scales correspond to those of modern scientific cosmology."
Nobel laureate
Count Maurice Maeterlinck wrote of: "a Cosmogony which no European conception has ever surpassed."
French astronomer Jean-Claude Bailly corroborated the antiquity and accuracy of the Vedic astronomical measurements as
"more ancient than those of the Greeks or
Egyptians." And that, "the movements of the stars calculated 4,500 years
ago, does not differ by a minute from the tables of today."
The
ninety foot tall astronomical instrument known as Samrat Yantra, built
by the learned King Suwai Jai Singh of Jaipur, measures time to within
two seconds per day.
Cosmology
and other scientific accomplishments of ancient India spread to other
countries along with mercantile and cultural exchanges.
There are almost one hundred references in
the Rig Veda alone to the ocean and maritime activity. This is confirmed
by Indian historian R. C. Majumdar, who stated that the people of the
Indus-Sarasvata Civilization engaged in trade with Sooma and centers of
culture in western Asia and Crete.
An example of these exchanges is found in the inscriptions on the Heliodorus Column,
erected in 113 B.C.E. by Heliodorus, a Greek
ambassador to India, and convert to Vaisnavism, as well as the 2nd
century B.C.E. Coins of Agathocles, showing images of Krishna and
Balaram. These artifacts stand testimony that Sanatan Dharma predates
Christianity.
This
also confirms the link between India and other ancient civilizations
such as Greece and shows that there was a continuous exchange of
culture, philosophy and scientific knowledge between India & other
countries. Indeed the Greeks learned many wonderful things from India.
Voltaire,
the famous French writer and philosopher) stated that "Pythagoras went
to the Ganges to learn geometry." Abraham Seidenberg, author of the
authoritative "History of Mathematics," credits the Sulba Sutras as inspiring all mathematics of the ancient world from Babylonia to Egypt to Greece.
As Voltaire & Seidenberg have stated,
many highly significant mathematical concepts have come from the Vedic
culture, such as:
The theorem bearing the name of the Greek mathematician Pythagorus is found in the Shatapatha Brahmana as well as the Sulba Sutra, the Indian mathematical treatise, written centuries before Pythagorus was born.
The Decimal system, based on powers of ten, where the remainder is carried over to the next column, first mentioned in the Taittiriya Samhita of the Black Yajurveda.
The Introduction of zero as both a numerical value and a place marker.
T he Concept of infinity.
The Binary number system, essential for computers, was used in Vedic verse meters.
A hashing technique, similar to that used by modern search algorithms, such as Googles, was used in South Indian musicology. From the name of a raga one can determine the notes of the raga from this Kathapayadi system. (See Figure at left.)
For further reading we refer you to this excellent article on Vedic Mathematics.
Vedic Sound and Mantras
The
Vedas however are not as well known for presenting historical and
scientific knowledge as they are for expounding subtle sciences, such as
the power of mantras. We all recognize the power of sound itself by
it's effects, which can be quite dramatic. Perhaps we all have seen a
high-pitched frequency shatter an ordinary drinking glass.
Such a demonstration shows that Loud Sounds can produce substantial reactions
It is commonly believed that mantras can
carry hidden power which can in turn produce certain effects. The
ancient Vedic literatures are full of descriptions of weapons being
called by mantra. For example, many weapons were invoked by mantra
during the epic Kuruksetra War, wherein the Bhagavad-gita itself was
spoken.
The
ancient deployment of Brahmastra weapons, equivalent to modern day
nuclear weapons are described throughout the Vedic literatures.
Additionally, mantras carry hidden spiritual
power, which can produce significant benefits when chanted properly.
Indeed, the Vedas themselves are sound vibrations in literary form and
carry a profound message. Spiritual disciplines recommend meditational
practices such as silent meditation, silent recitation of mantras and
also the verbal repetition of specific mantras out loud.
A
Clinical Test of the Benefits of Mantra Chanting was performed on three
groups of sixty-two subjects, males and females of average age 25. They
chanted the Hare Krsna Maha Mantra twenty-five minutes each day under
strict clinical supervision.
Results showed that regular chanting of the
Hare Krsna Maha Mantra reduces Stress and depression and helps reduce
bad habits & addictions. These results formed a PhD Thesis at
Florida State University.
Spiritual practitioners claim many benefits
from Mantra Meditation such as increased realization of spiritual
wisdom, inner peace and a strong communion with God and the spiritual
realm. These effects may be experienced by following the designated
spiritual path.
Most of the evidence given in this presentation is for the apara vidya
or material knowledge of the Vedic literatures. The Vedas however, are more renowned for their para vidya or spiritual knowledge. And even superior is the realized knowledge of the Vedic rsis or saints — that which is beyond the objective knowledge of modern science — knowledge of the eternal realm of sat, cit ananda, eternality, blissfullness and full knowledge. But that is another presentation.
